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Stallupönen, the first battle on the Eastern Front
The Battle of Stallupönen was the first military action on the Eastern Front during the First World War. The First Russian Army, led by General Paul von Rennenkampf, met on the battlefield the First Corps of the Eighth German Army, led by Hermann von Francois. It was...
Why did Lenin recognize Finland’s independence?
Finland’s independence was made possible by the Russian Revolution of February-March 1917. Proclaimed at the end of 1917, after the “Great Socialist Revolution of October”, Finland’s independence was not immediately recognized by other European states. Paradoxically,...
An (other) failure: The revolt of July
Not even half of year had passed since tsarism had been overthrown- and, as always, history repeated itself: the new leadership in Petrograd failed to keep its promises, and the populace believed that everything would be resolved, yet again, in the street. But what...